热处理对低磷化学镀镍层硬度及磁性能影响的研究

张云飞, 吕小虎, 吴远进, 马兴

贵州振华群英电器有限公司
张云飞 (1992-), 中级工程师, 研究领域: 金属表面处理, E-mail: 1139864530@qq.com

Effects of Heat Treatment on the Hardness and Magnetic Properties of Low-Phosphorus Electroless Nickel Plating Layer

ZHANG Yunfei, LYU Xiaohu, WU Yuanjin, MA Xing

Guizhou Zhenhua Qunying Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd.
Corresponding Author: ZHANG Yunfei (1992-), Intermediate Engineer, Research Focus: Metal Surface Treatment, E-mail: 1139864530@qq.com

文章历史: 收稿日期: 2025-12-04

摘    要
电磁继电器作为航空航天及武器装备系统中的关键自动控制元件，铁心与轭铁的性能直接决定了继电器的可靠性。以电工纯铁DT4E制成的铁心与轭铁为研究对象，采用SEM，XRD和显微维式硬度计等手段，分析不同热处理温度 (200～450 ℃) 对低磷 (3.2%，质量分数) 化学镀镍磷合金层的微观结构、显微硬度及电磁吸力的影响。结果表明：镀态下的镍磷合金层呈现微晶与非晶的混合结构，硬度约480 HV。随着热处理温度的升高，镀层经历了完整的晶化过程。250 ℃左右镀层内应力释放，硬度出现短暂下降；350 ℃时开始析出弥散分布的Ni3P硬质相；400 ℃时镀层完成再结晶，Ni3P相大量弥散析出，硬度达到峰值700 HV；450 ℃时，镀层内应力积聚，产生微观裂纹，硬度略有下降。在电磁性能方面，热处理温度对电磁吸力的影响相对有限，电磁吸力随温度升高仅有小幅提升，在400 ℃时达到最大值，相较于镀态，电磁性能整体变化较小。

Abstract
As a critical automatic control component in aerospace and weapon equipment systems, the performance of the core and yoke in electromagnetic relays directly determines the operational reliability of the entire system. This study took DT4E iron cores and yokes as research objects. SEM, XRD and micro-vickers hardness tester methods were used to investigate the effects of different heat treatment temperatures (200-450 ℃) on the microstructure, microhardness, and electromagnetic attraction force of low-phosphorus (3.2%, mass fraction) electroless nickel-phosphorus alloy coatings. The results indicated that the as-plated nickel-phosphorus alloy coating presented a mixed microstructure of microcrystalline and amorphous phases, with a microhardness of approximately 480 HV. With the elevation of heat treatment temperature, the coating underwent complete crystallization. At around 250 ℃, the internal stress within the coating was released, causing a temporary decline in microhardness. At 350 ℃, finely dispersed Ni3P hard phases start to precipitate within the coating. When the temperature reached 400 ℃, the coating completed recrystallization, accompanied by massive precipitation of finely dispersed Ni3P phases, and its microhardness peaked at 700 HV. At 450 ℃, internal stress accumulated in the coating, leading to the formation of microcracks and a slight reduction in microhardness. Regarding electromagnetic performance, the variation in heat treatment temperature exerted a relatively limited effect on the electromagnetic attraction force. The electromagnetic attraction force increased slightly with rising temperature and reached the maximum value at 400 ℃; nevertheless, its electromagnetic performance showed no significant change compared with the as-plated state.

关键词
电磁继电器; 低磷化学镀镍; 硬度; 电磁吸力; 热处理

Keywords
electromagnetic relay; low-phosphorus electroless nickel plating; hardness; electromagnetic suction force; heat treatment

引用文本
张云飞, 吕小虎, 吴远进, 等. 热处理对低磷化学镀镍层硬度及磁性能影响的研究[J]. 表面工程与再制造, 2026, 26(3): 7-12. DOI:10.26935/j.issn.2097-5317.2026.0013.

ZHANG Yunfei, LYU Xiaohu, WU Yuanjin, et al. Effects of Heat Treatment on the Hardness and Magnetic Properties of Low-Phosphorus Electroless Nickel Plating Layer[J]. Surface Engineering & Remanufacturing, 2026, 26(3): 7-12. DOI:10.26935/j.issn.2097-5317.2026.0013.

中图分类号
TG156; TM581.3; TG174.4

基金项目
无

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